If no DOI is present, replace DOI with a URL. Violent video game effects on children and adolescents: Theory, research and public policy. Learn more.Īnderson, C.A., Gentile, D.A., & Buckley, K.E. Add the DOI after the publisher's information.ĭOIs often appear in the citation or the abstract of an article and look like this: doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.008. The careful writer: A modern guide to English usage (2nd ed.). For more examples, refer to Chapter 10 of the Publication Manual.īernstein, T. Lines are indented as a group, 0.5 inches to the right of the left margin (hanging indent)īelow are some examples of the most common types of sources including online sources (Web and databases). For each entry, the first line is typed flush with the left margin. Entries are double-spaced (for the purposes of this handout, single-spacing is used). books, journals, encyclopedias) are italicized Entries are arranged alphabetically by the author's last name or by the title if there is no author. The word References should be written in bold and centered at the top of the page. The list of references must be on a new page at the end of your text. The alphabetical list of references that appears at the end of your paper contains more information about all of the sources you have used allowing readers to refer to them, as needed. 276)įurther examples and explanations are available in Section 8.27 of the Publication Manual. Earlier studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited, even when reel drugs were administered. The "placebo effect," which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. When including a quotation of more than 40 words, use a free-standing "block quotation" on a new line, indented 0.5 inches and omit quotation marks. Miele (1993) found that "the 'placebo effect,' which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied. disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Miele, 1993, p. Provide the author, publication year and a page number. 
Quotations of less than 40 words should be incorporated in the text and enclosed with double quotation marks.The reader can then follow up on the complete reference in the Reference List page at the end of your paper. If it will not cause confusion for the reader, names may be abbreviated thereafter:įirst citation: (National Institute of Mental Health, 1999)ĭirect quotations allow you to acknowledge a source within your text by providing a reference to exactly where in that source you found the information. The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g., corporations, associations, government agencies, and study groups) are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation.If there are three or more authors, include the last name of only the first author followed by "et al.":.as has been shown (James & Ryerson, 1999). as James and Ryerson (1999) demonstrated.
If there are two authors, include the last name of each and the publication year:.Within a paragraph, you need not include the year in subsequent references. In most cases, providing the author's last name and the publication year are sufficient:.
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